Transparency in Governmental Organizations demonstrates the transparency of decision-making principles and mechanisms governing the administrative performance of government. It is used as the most effective tool to fight against bureaucratic corruption to establish an efficient and effective government and to make a sustainable society. So this research aimed to present a model of factors affecting the performance transparency of Governmental Organizations. Firstly, factors affecting the performance transparency of Governmental Organizations were addressed by library studies and then they were investigated by university experts with relevant education in the country through Delphi technique. After validation and modification of these factors, the final questionnaire was compiled to collect quantitative data and was available for managers of various Governmental Organizations in Iran through a convenient sampling method. Finally, path analysis and model presentation was conducted through structural equation modeling and the Friedman test was used to rank the factors. Results of the study revealed that the model of factors affecting the Governmental organization performance transparency includes six variables: individuals’ role and performance, information technology and communication, legal issues, environmental issues, management issues, and structural and process issues. These variables are global, but their analysis and ranking from the viewpoint of Governmental managers showed that the majority of the path coefficient is related to information technology and communication variable. And the other two factors of structural and process factors and information technology and communication have the highest rank in performance transparency of Governmental Organizations in Iran.

The emergence of non-Governmental Organizations in Sardasht is tied to the diversity and intensification of social problems. This research analyzes the experiences of Sardasht non-Governmental Organizations in the construction of social problems within the framework of the constructivist approach. The current study method is urban ethnography and data is collected through semi-structured interviews and coded through thematic analysis. The studied samples included 34 civil activists who have been continuously active in 31 non-Governmental Organizations and were selected by sampling method with maximum diversity. Results: Based on the field data, "constructing social issues" as an approach has been the cause of the emergence of most non-Governmental Organizations in Sardasht. In order to make people aware of social issues, these Organizations have used the strategies of "platforming", "sensitizing" and "needs/demand assessment" as "claim making strategies" and by resorting to measures such as "intellectual empowerment", "practical empowerment" and "providing services". Direct" have begun to build solutions. The solutions and actions of non-Governmental Organizations can be categorized under individual solutions and the direction of their actions has been focused on individual change. The mentioned approach does not lead to institutional and social changes due to the continuation of the structural conditions of social problems and harms.

Today, human resources are considered as the most important asset in order to gain a sustainable competitive advantage in Organizations. Employees' behavior and attitude toward work is an important factor in achieving the goals of the organization. The main research purpose is the typology of toxic employees in Governmental Organizations in Gilan province. The research method is qualitative, and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The statistical population included managers and specialists in the field of human resources of government Organizations in Gilan province, from which 15 people were selected using purposive sampling. In order to analyze the data, by performing content analysis with inductive approach, the characteristics of toxic employees were classified into 10 categories. Then typological analysis was applied on the obtained classes. The typological construction in this study was based on an operational strategy and finally, based on two dimensions of toxicity (low/ high) and consequences of toxic behaviors (individual/ organizational), four types of toxic employees named A, B, C and D were identified in Governmental Organizations of Gilan province. The findings of this study showed that personal, family, organizational and environmental contexts play a role in the formation of toxic employees and the presence of toxic employees in Governmental Organizations leads to consequences such as the increase of absentees and anomaly in getting to work and leaving for employees and the organization. Also, the methods of exposure and treatment of toxic employees were divided into two categories of prevention and treatment. We came to the definition that toxic employees are individuals who, for personal, family, organizational, and environmental reasons, engage in intentional and contagious behaviors that are contrary to the values and norms of the organization and cause harm to the organization, its Employees and assets.

Industry and technology development is one of the main issues in the country, and government policymakers and decision-makers try to pave the way for policy development and resource allocation. Despite the efforts of policymakers and spending remarkable resources, the results are not very satisfactory in practice, and the state-owned industries and related chains are not in a good state in the global competitive environment. Among the government industries in Iran, defensive industries have achieved better gains with endogenous capability building approach with the “ Small Smart Core and Big Capable Network” model. Nevertheless, Islamic Republic of Iran is also facing the challenges of the country’ s industrial and institutional ecosystem and has its own problems. This research is aimed at rethinking about industrial policies and developing technological capabilities in defense industries and improving strategies and policies to come out of the concept of “ capability traps” . In this regard, using the research literature, the potential traps of various Organizations were identified and, based on interviews with experts, traps of the capabilities studied are presented in the form of “ Causal Loop Diagrams” . In the next step, according to the system dynamics (SD) method, the problem simulation was performed using the “ Stock-Flow Diagram” Vensim software. According to the simulated model, new policies and strategies are: “ Establishing Spinoff and network development partnerships” , “ Promoting staff motivation” , “ Defining joint projects” and “ increasing knowledge sharing” . Finally, the proposed policies are tested in the software, and the test results of which indicate the effect of each on the growth of capabilities.

As the international relations improved, new non-Governmental entities became active and undertook certain functions. Among these entities, non-Governmental Organizations played important roles over the past two decades. One of the biggest barriers causing them to be inactive is the lack of international legal personality. Because they do not have legal personality they are not considered to be mature entities capable of undergoing international responsibilities. Should non-Governmental Organizations enjoy international legal personality their international status improves resulting in their capability of assuming responsibility if they do wrong. In this study, it is tried to prove that those Organizations are capable of acquiring international legal personality. One of the main reasons why they have the above problem is that States prevent them from gaining legal personality. The solution to tackle this problem is to meet the States’ requirements because if this happens, one can be that the non-Governmental Organizations acquire international legal personality.

Work ethics has been regarded as a key determinant of economic development. According to Max Weber, shifts in attitudes to work and creating new work ethics caused the development of western companies. In the first six centuries of Islam, work ethics led to the eminent growth of Islamic countries. This issue encouraged us to examine Islamic work ethics in Governmental Organizations of Qazvin province. This correlation study is based on descriptive methods and promises applications. Twenty Governmental Organizations were selected randomly and through stratified random sampling method, 300 people were selected as the sample. To gather data, a standard questionnaire was administered to the sample. The results showed Islamic work ethics in Governmental Organizations. According to the findings, demographic qualities, education, and age affect Islamic work ethics. But gender has no influence on it.

The main purpose of the present study was designing productivity model for Governmental Organizations in Iran. In this regard, after studying the literature and theoretical foundations of research, the conceptual model base on the factors affecting the productivity of Governmental Organizations in three categories namely, environmental, organizational, individual and the main productivity barriers were designed. Two questionnaires (17 and 19) questions were used to rank each categories effect on productivity and also on barriers. To compose the questionnaires, the university and organization’s experts were consulted. The questionnaires were distributed to a sample of 50 people. The results showed that productivity in Governmental Organizations the “environmental factors” having the most influential, and “individual factors” getting the most influential. The work ethic got the first priority.

Despite the physical presence of Non-Governmental Organizations in Iran from many years ago, these NGOs did not considered as an important and effective institutions in criminal procedures, unfortunately. One of the innovations of criminal procedure act of 1392, is fulfilment of the participative criminal policy principles by participation of NGOs in criminal jurisdiction procedure which pointed in article 66 of this code by legislator. This article, had been revised some days before the effective date of the law by which the proceeding right of the NGOs have been decreased to the indictment and bystander. Regardless the absence of legal, cultural and social infrastructures of the NGO's participation in Iran, the role of these organization is restricted to the criminal indictment and an attendance in the court sessions. Also in the action we face with the ambiguity in determination the qualification of NGO's which attend in the criminal procedures (Note 3 of Clause 66). Also, the quality of development of NGO's participation in the criminal procedure and supervising policies is not clear. The aim of this study is to investigate the context and barriers of the NGO's activity in the criminal procedure and review the crucial role of the NGO's in prevention of crime and attending in the criminal procedures.

In the area of modern business, research in field ethics and professional ethics in public sector Organizations, private sector companies and civil society Organizations is increasing. The purpose of this research essay on ethics in government agencies in line with the basic requirements to implement and ethical management be provided. The statistical community Grouping stipulated in the Law on Civil Service Management, Ministry of the four groups of four sociocultural, servicing, infrastructure and economic matters. The research method was combined method for collecting data from questionnaires (Alpha 91%) and semi-structured interviews were used. The results demonstrate ethics in government agencies that included orienting rationality, responsibility, equality, cooperation and other ethical issue. The process model of ethical management in government agencies is designed in three dimensions: structural, contextual and behavioral implemented.